Rosen’s Emergency Medicine:
- 腹痛的經驗性治療可使用morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl。
- 止痛並不會影響診斷,反而有證據顯示可以幫助診斷。
- ketorolac是美國唯一IV form的NSAID,可以用在ureteral與biliary colic以及婦科止痛,但不建議用在診斷未明之腹痛。
- ketorolac在健康的受試者亦會增加BI bleeding數倍的風險,需避免用在GI bleeding或可能要手術的病人。
- 經驗性止吐可使用5-HT antagonist。Ondansetron(Zofran)因副作用少是較佳的選擇(但台灣健保只給付化放療嘔吐之預防與治療)其他包括:promethazine, prochlorperazine(Novamin), or droperidol
GI bleeding:
- ACG 2012: 停用NSAID,或是併用PPI
- NICE 2102: 急性期停用NSAID
- Pocket primary care: permanently discontinue NSAIDs if possible; if choose to restart, use selective COX-2 inhibitor and concomitant PPI to reduce re-bleeding risk; risk of re-bleeding 4-6% at 6 months in patient restarted on either (1) NSAID + PPI or (2) COX-2 inhibitor alone.